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Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Causes, Pathogenesis, and Management
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Causes, Pathogenesis, and Management Gallstones, or cholelithiasis, are crystalline concretions that form in the biliary tract, most often…
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Overview, Pathogenesis, and Management
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Overview, Pathogenesis, and Management Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to chronic, recurrent ulcers of the gastric and…
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to chronic, recurrent ulcers that affect the…
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Comprehensive Guide
Key Points COPD is a progressive respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. Major risk factors include…
Asthma: Treatment and Management Strategies
Key Points Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Acute exacerbations require…
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Comprehensive Guide
Key Points GERD results from reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. Clinical manifestations…
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Overview, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common chronic condition characterized by the reflux of stomach and…
Emphysema: Overview, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention
Emphysema: Overview Emphysema is a chronic, progressive form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by irreversible enlargement of the…